Balkans 9
Background 9
Oil 9
Natural Gas 9
Pipelines 10
Profile 12

Baltic Sea Regional Factsheet 13
Background 13
Oil 14
Major Crude Oil Ports 15
Natural Gas 17
Market Liberalization 17
Electricity 18
Profile 19

European Union 20
Background 20
Energy 20
Energy Consumption 21
Carbon Emissions 22
Profile 23

France 27
Background 27
Oil 28
Overview 28
Exploration and Production 28
Downstream 28
Natural Gas 28
Overview 28
Sector Organization 29
Pipelines 30
Liquefied Natural Gas 31
Coal 31
Electricity 31
Sector Organization 32
Environment 34
Specific Concerns 34
Snapshot Profile 35

Germany 37
Background 37
Oil 37
Pipelines 38
Downstream 39
Natural Gas 40
Sector Organization 40
Exploration and Production 41
Pipelines 42
Coal 44
Production 44
Consumption 45
Electricity 45
Sector Organization 45
Conventional Thermal 46
Nuclear 48
Other Renewables 48
Environment 49
Snapshot Profile 50

Greece 52
Background 52
Oil 53
Exploration and Production 53
Oil Exports 54
Downstream 54
Natural Gas 55
Market Liberalization 55
Natural Gas Pipelines 56
Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) 57
Coal 57
Electricity 57
Market Liberalization 57
Cooperation with Neighboring States 58
Renewable Energy 59
Snapshot Profile 59

Iberian Peninsula 62
Background 62
Oil 63
Sector Organization 63
Exploration and Production 64
Downstream Activities 64
Natural Gas 64
Sector Organization 64
Pipelines 64
Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) 65
Coal 65
Electricity 66
Sector Organization 66
Conventional Thermal 67
Nuclear Power 68
Other Renewables 68

Italy 70
Background 70
Oil 71
Sector Organization 71
Exploration and Production 71
Pipelines 72
Downstream 72
Natural Gas 72
Sector Organization 73
Exploration and Production 73
Pipelines 74
Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) 75
Coal 76
Electricity 77
Sector Organization 77
Conventional Thermal 78
Nuclear 79
Other Renewables 79
Environment 80
Snapshot Profile 80

North Sea 83
Background 83
Oil 84
Exploration and Production 84
Transnational Cooperation 84
Crude Oil Exports 85
Natural Gas 85
Exploration and Production 85
Pipelines 86
Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) 86

North-Central Europe 88
Background 88
Regional Energy Issues 89
Oil Transit 89
Natural Gas Transit 90
Regional Integration 90
Oil 90
Exploration 91
Sector Organization (Restructuring) 92
Downstream 93
Strategic Oil Reserves 93
Natural Gas 93
Coal 97
Restructuring 97
Electricity 98
Sector Organization 99
Nuclear 101
Table 103

Norway 104
Background 104
Oil 105
Sector Organization 105
Exploration and Production 106
Pipelines 109
Downstream Activities 109
Natural Gas 110
Sector Organization 110
Exploration and Production 111
Pipelines 112
Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) 114
Coal 114
Electricity 114
Sector Organization 114
Hydroelectricity 115
Conventional Thermal 116
Other Renewables 116
International Connections 116
Snapshot Profile 117

Southeastern Europe 119
Background 119
Oil 120
Oil Transit 120
Regional Oil Balance 122
Natural Gas 124
Romania 124
Bulgaria 125
Moldova 126
Coal 126
Electricity 126
Romania 126
Bulgaria 127
Moldova 129
Profile 130

Turkey 131
Background 131
Oil 132
Sector Organization 132
Exploration and Production 132
Pipelines 133
Downstream 135
Natural Gas 136
Sector Organization 136
Exploration and Production 137
Pipelines 137
Planned or Proposed Pipelines 139
Liquefied Natural Gas 141
Coal 141
Electricity 142
Sector Organization 142
Conventional Thermal 143
Hydroelectric 143
Nuclear 144
Other Renewables 144
Environment 144
Snapshot Profile 146

United Kingdom 148
Background 148
Oil 149
Exploration and Production 149
Sector Organization 150
Pipelines 150
Downstream 151
Natural Gas 151
Exploration and Production 151
Sector Organization 152
Pipelines 153
Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) 154
Coal 154
Electricity 155
Sector Organization 155
Conventional Thermal 156
Nuclear 157
Renewables 157
Environment 157
Snapshot Profile 159